We Should Be More Thankful. What's your favorite thing about earth?

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Dam

River ice jams[edit]

The town of Eagle, Alaska, is inundated by flood water and ice flows after an ice jam formed on the Yukon River downstream.

An ice blockage on a river is more often called an ice jam but sometimes an ice dam. An ice jam is a dam on a river formed by blocks of ice.^[4] Defined by the International Association of Hydraulic Research (IAHR) Working Group on River Ice Hydraulics an ice jam is a "...a stationary accumulation of fragmented ice orfrazil that restricts flow." on a river or stream. This definition includes what some scientists call an ice dam as a "...bottom accumulation of anchor ice...".^[5]

Ice jam floods are less predictable and potentially more destructive than open-water flooding and can produce much deeper and faster flooding. Ice jam floods also may occur during freezing weather, and may leave large pieces of ice behind, but they are much more localized than open-water floods. Ice jams also damage an economy by causing river-side industrial facilities such as hydro-electric generating stations to shut down and to interfere with ship transport. The United States averages 125 million dollars in losses to ice jams per year.^[6]

Ice jams on rivers usually occur in the springtime as the river ice begins to break up, but may also occur in early winter during freeze-up. The break-up process is described in three phases: pre-break-up, break-up and final drive.^[7] Pre-break-up usually begins with increased springtime river flow, water level, and temperatures fracturing the river ice and separating it from the shore. Changes in river height from dam releases may also affect the pre-break-up. During the break-up, the ice in areas of rapids is carried downstream as an ice floe and may jam on still frozen sections of ice on calm water or against structures in the river such as theHoneymoon Bridge, destroyed in 1938 by an ice jam. Smaller jams may dislodge, flow downstream and form a larger jam. During the final drive, a large jam will dislodge and take out the remaining jams, clearing the river of ice in a matter of hours. Ice jams usually occur in spring, but they can happen as winter sets in when the downstream part becomes frozen first. Freeze-up jams may be larger because the ice is stronger and temperatures are continuing to cool unlike a spring break-up when the environment is warming, but are less likely to suddenly release water.^[8]

Three types of natural ice jams can occur:

1. a surface jam, a single layer of ice in a floe on calm water;
2. a narrow-channel or wide-channel jam; and
3. a hanging jam, the accumulation of river ice at slow current areas which only occur during freeze-up.^[9] Ice jams also occur at sharp bends in the river, at man-made objects such as bridge piers, and at confluences.^[8]

Northerly flowing rivers tend to have more ice jams because the upper, more southerly reaches thaw first and the ice gets carried downstream into the still-frozen northerly part. Three physical hazards of ice jams are 1.) The ice floe can form an ice dam and flood the areas upstream of the jam. This occurred during the 2009 Red River Flood and the 2009 Alaska floods. 2.) After the ice dam breaks apart, the sudden surge of water that breaks through the dam can then flood areas downstream of the jam. 3.) The ice buildup and final drive may damage structures in or near the river^[1] and boats in the river.

Ice jams may scour the river bed, causing damage or benefit to wildlife habitats and possibly damage to structures in the river.^[6]

Early warnings of an ice jam include using trained observers to monitor break-up conditions and ice motion detectors.^[8]

The prevention of ice jams may be accomplished by

1. weakening the ice before the break-up by cutting or drilling holes in the ice;
2. weakening the ice by dusting it with a dark colored sand; or
3. controlling the timing of the break-up using ice breakers, towboats, hovercraft, or amphibious excavators. However, the movement of migratory fish is known to be related to freeze-up and break-up, so affecting ice break-up may affect fish migration.

Where floods threaten human habitation, the blockage may be artificially cleared. Ice blasting using dynamite may be used, except in urban areas, as well as other mechanical means^[10] such as excavation equipment, or permanent measures such as ice control structures and flood control.

Ice jams on a lake or ocean occur during the spring break-up if wind-driven ice piles up along a shoreline

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Ice Famine

An ice famine was a scarcity of commercial ice, usually during the hot summer months, common before the widespread use of the refrigerator. It often resulted in the widespread spoilage of food and medicines, and in some instances in death from heat stroke.^[1]

Instances[edit]

• In 1918 ammonia was diverted to manufacturing munitions which led to a shortage of commercial ice. Harvesting of natural ice and storage for summer was increased.^[2]
• 1911 Eastern North America heat wave.^[1]

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Greek language

upper case
Α	Β	Γ	Δ	Ε	Ζ	Η	Θ	Ι	Κ	Λ	Μ	Ν	Ξ	Ο	Π	Ρ	Σ	Τ	Υ	Φ	Χ	Ψ	Ω
lower case
α	β	γ	δ	ε	ζ	η	θ	ι	κ	λ	μ	ν	ξ	ο	π	ρ	σ ς	τ	υ	φ	χ	ψ	ω

Diacritics[edit]

Main article: Greek diacritics

In addition to the letters, the Greek alphabet features a number of diacritical signs: three different accent marks (acute, grave, and circumflex), originally denoting different shapes of pitch accent on the stressed vowel; the so-called breathing marks (rough and smooth breathing), originally used to signal presence or absence of word-initial /h/; and the diaeresis, used to mark full syllabic value of a vowel that would otherwise be read as part of a diphthong. These marks were introduced during the course of the Hellenistic period. Actual usage of the grave in handwriting saw a rapid decline in favor of uniform usage of the acute during the late 20th century, and it has only been retained in typography.

After the writing reform of 1982, most diacritics are no longer used. Since then, Greek has been written mostly in the simplified monotonic orthography (or monotonic system), which employs only the acute accent and the diaeresis. The traditional system, now called the polytonic orthography (or polytonic system), is still used internationally for the writing of Ancient Greek.

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Sea

• A1:  Originates from the top ranking given to a wooden ship in the Lloyd's Register, an organization founded in 1760 to examine merchant ships and classify them according to their condition.
• Above board:  Pirates would often hide much of the crew below the deck. The ships that displayed the crew openly on the deck were thought to be honest merchant ships known as "above board". 
• Abreast:  Meaning along side the beam of a ship. Now a common expression, "keeping abreast of a situation" means staying in touch with or keeping up with. 
• Admiral: An admiral is a senior ranking officer and the word signifies a commander of a fleet, or part of a fleet, in all maritime nations. The root of the word is from the Arabic word amir meaning commander. 
• Adornings:  Comes from the Latin term adornare meaning to embellish. Commonly used to refer to the ornate woodwork on the stern of old sailing ships. To adorn is to make something more attractive. 

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Skin

“The strongest love is the love that can demonstrate its fragility.” ~ Paulo Coelho

“Where there is great love, there are always miracles.” ~ Willa Cather

“We are born of love. Love is our mother.” ~ Rumi

“I love you not only for what you are, but for what I am when I am with you.” ~ Elizabeth Barrett  Browning

“When you love someone all your saved up wishes start coming out.” ~ Elizabeth Bowen 

“We loved with a love that was more than love.” ~ Edgar Allan Poe

“We love because it’s the only true adventure.” ~ Nikki Giovanni

“We are most alive when we’re in love.” ~ John Updike 

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Pusing

Ibnu Majah meriwayatkan dalam sebuah hadits yang keshahihannya masih perlu diteliti kembali, bahwasanya Rasulullah Sholallahu Alaihi Wassalam bila merasakan pening beliau membalut kepalanya dengan pacar (inai) dan beliau bersabda :

"Sesungguhnya pacar (inai) ini bermanfaat untuk menyembuhkan sakit kepala dengan izin Allah."

Suda' adalah rasa sakit di sebagian kepala atau seluruhnya. Apabila terasa di sebagian kepala biasanya disebut syaqiqah, apabila mencakup seluruh kepala biasanya disebut bidhah dan khaudzah, karena dikiaskan dengan bidhah-nya (putihnya) senjata yang biasa merata adanya di seluruh kepala. Penyakit ini kadang terasa hanya di bagian depan atau bagian belakang kepala, dan macamnya banyak dan sebab-sebabnya berbeda-beda.

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Hujan

Segala puji bagi Allah, pada saat ini Allah telah menganugerahkan kita suatu karunia dengan menurunkan hujan melalui kumpulan awan. Allah Ta’ala berfirman,

أَفَرَأَيْتُمُ الْمَاءَ الَّذِي تَشْرَبُونَ (68) أَأَنْتُمْ أَنْزَلْتُمُوهُ مِنَ الْمُزْنِ أَمْ نَحْنُ الْمُنْزِلُونَ (69)

”Maka terangkanlah kepadaku tentang air yang kamu minum. Kamukah yang menurunkannya atau Kamikah yang menurunkannya?” (QS. Al Waqi’ah [56] : 68-69)

Begitu juga firman Allah Ta’ala,

وَأَنْزَلْنَا مِنَ الْمُعْصِرَاتِ مَاءً ثَجَّاجًا (14)

”Dan Kami turunkan dari awan air yang banyak tercurah.” (QS. An Naba’ [78] : 14)

Allah Ta’ala juga berfirman,

فَتَرَى الْوَدْقَ يَخْرُجُ مِنْ خِلَالِهِ

”Maka kelihatanlah olehmu hujan keluar dari celah-celahnya.” (QS. An Nur [24] : 43) yaitu dari celah-celah awan.[1]

Merupakan tanda kekuasaan Allah Ta’ala, kesendirian-Nya dalam menguasai dan mengatur alam semesta, Allah menurunkan hujan pada tanah yang tandus yang tidak tumbuh tanaman sehingga pada tanah tersebut tumbuhlah tanaman yang indah untuk dipandang. Allah Ta’ala telah mengatakan yang demikian dalam firman-Nya,

وَمِنْ آيَاتِهِ أَنَّكَ تَرَى الأرْضَ خَاشِعَةً فَإِذَا أَنْزَلْنَا عَلَيْهَا الْمَاءَ اهْتَزَّتْ وَرَبَتْ إِنَّ الَّذِي أَحْيَاهَا لَمُحْيِي الْمَوْتَى إِنَّهُ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ

“Dan di antara tanda-tanda-Nya (ialah) bahwa kau lihat bumi kering dan gersang, maka apabila Kami turunkan air di atasnya, niscaya ia bergerak dan subur. Sesungguhnya Tuhan Yang menghidupkannya, Pastilah dapat menghidupkan yang mati. Sesungguhnya Dia Maha Kuasa atas segala sesuatu.” (QS. Fushshilat [41] : 39). Itulah hujan, yang Allah turunkan untuk menghidupkan tanah yang mati. Sebagaimana pembaca dapat melihat pada daerah yang kering dan jarang sekali dijumpai air seperti Gunung Kidul, tatkala hujan itu turun, datanglah keberkahan dengan mekarnya kembali berbagai tanaman dan pohon jati kembali hidup setelah sebelumnya kering tanpa daun. Sungguh ini adalah suatu kenikmatan yang amat besar.

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Graduation

Graduation is getting a diploma or academic degree or the ceremony that is sometimes associated, in which students become graduates. Before the graduation, candidates are referred to as graduands. The date of graduation is often called graduation day. The graduation ceremony itself is also called commencement, convocation or invocation. In the United States and Canada, the term is additionally increasingly being used to refer to the advancement from a primary or secondary school level. When ceremonies are associated, they usually include a procession of the academic staff and candidates and a valediction. At the college and university level the faculty will usually wearacademic dress at the formal ceremonies, as will the trustees and degree candidates.

"Graduation" at the college and university level occurs when the presiding officer confers degrees upon candidates, either individually or en masse, even if graduates physically receive their diploma later at a smaller college or departmental ceremony. After degree completion, graduates can be referred to by their graduating year.

In some places, graduation parties to celebrate graduation from school, college or university are popular. In a recent 2014 nationwide survey in the United States, $985 was the average amount spent on graduation parties

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I think voice kids is really great hahaha

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Don't You Give Up Nah Nah Nah why the hell am I listening to this song

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Dimensionless Quantity

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In dimensional analysis, a dimensionless quantity is a quantity to which no physical dimension is applicable. It is thus a bare number, and is therefore also known as a quantity of dimension one.^[1]Dimensionless quantities are widely used in many fields, such as mathematics, physics, engineering, and economics. Numerous well-known quantities, such as π, e, and φ, are dimensionless. By contrast, examples of quantities with dimensions are length, time, and speed, which are measured in dimensional units, such as metre, second and metre/second.

Dimensionless quantities are often obtained as products or ratios of quantities that are not dimensionless, but whose dimensions cancel out in the mathematical operation. An example of such a ratio isengineering strain, a measure of physical deformation. It is defined as a change in length divided by the initial length. Since both quantities have the dimension length, their ratio is dimensionless. Another example is alcohol by volume, which characterizes the concentration of ethanol in an alcoholic beverage.

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In phylogenetics, maximum parsimony is an optimality criterion under which the phylogenetic tree that minimizes the total number of character-state changes is to be preferred. Under the maximum-parsimony criterion, the optimal tree will minimize the amount of homoplasy (i.e., convergent evolution, parallel evolution, and evolutionary reversals). In other words, under this criterion, the shortest possible tree that explains the data is considered best. The principle is akin to Occam's razor, which states that—all else being equal—the simplest hypothesis that explains the data should be selected. Some of the basic ideas behind maximum parsimony were presented by James S. Farris ^[1] in 1970 and Walter M. Fitch in 1971.^[2]

Maximum parsimony is an intuitive and simple criterion, and it is popular for this reason. However, although it is easy to score a phylogenetic tree (by counting the number of character-state changes), there is no algorithm to quickly generate the most-parsimonious tree. Instead, the most-parsimonious tree must be found in "tree space" (i.e., amongst all possible trees). For a small number of taxa (i.e., fewer than nine) it is possible to do an exhaustive search, in which every possible tree is scored, and the best one is selected. For nine to twenty taxa, it will generally be preferable to use branch-and-bound, which is also guaranteed to return the best tree. For greater numbers of taxa, a heuristic search must be performed.

Because the most-parsimonious tree is always the shortest possible tree, this means that—in comparison to the "true" tree that actually describes the evolutionary history of the organisms under study—the "best" tree according to the maximum-parsimony criterion will often underestimate the actual evolutionary change that has occurred. In addition, maximum parsimony is not statistically consistent. That is, it is not guaranteed to produce the true tree with high probability, given sufficient data. As demonstrated in 1978 by Joe Felsenstein,^[3] maximum parsimony can be inconsistent under certain conditions, such as long-branch attraction.

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Cladistics

The original methods used in cladistic analysis and the school of taxonomy derived from the work of the German entomologist Willi Hennig, who referred to it as phylogenetic systematics (also the title of his 1966 book); the terms "cladistics" and "clade" were popularized by other researchers. Cladistics in the original sense refers to a particular set of methods used in phylogenetic analysis, although it is now sometimes used to refer to the whole field.^[6]

What is now called the cladistic method appeared as early as 1901 with a work by Peter Chalmers Mitchell for birds^[7][8] and subsequently by Robert John Tillyard (for insects) in 1921,^[9] and W. Zimmermann (for plants) in 1943.^[10] The term "clade" was introduced in 1958 by Julian Huxley after having been coined by Lucien Cuénotin 1940,^[11] "cladogenesis" in 1958,^[12] "cladistic" by Cain and Harrison in 1960,^[13] "cladist" (for an adherent of Hennig's school) by Mayr in 1965,^[14] and "cladistics" in 1966.^[12] Hennig referred to his own approach as "phylogenetic systematics". From the time of his original formulation until the end of the 1970s, cladistics competed as an analytical and philosophical approach to phylogenetic inference with phenetics and so-called evolutionary taxonomy. Phenetics was championed at this time by the numerical taxonomists Peter Sneath and Robert Sokal and the evolutionary taxonomist Ernst Mayr.

Originally conceived, if only in essence, by Willi Hennig in a book published in 1950, cladistics did not flourish until its translation into English in 1966 (Lewin 1997). Today, cladistics is the most popular method for constructing phylogenies not only from morphological data but also from molecular. Unlike phenetics, cladistics is specifically aimed at reconstructing evolutionary histories.

In the 1990s, the development of effective polymerase chain reaction techniques allowed the application of cladistic methods to biochemical and molecular genetictraits of organisms, as well as to anatomical ones, vastly expanding the amount of data available for phylogenetics. At the same time, cladistics rapidly became the dominant set of methods of phylogenetics in evolutionary biology, because computers made it possible to process large quantities of data about organisms and their characteristics.

The way for computational phylogenetics was paved by phenetics,^[15] a set of methods commonly used from the 1950s to 1980s and to some degree later. Phenetics did not try to reconstruct phylogenetic trees; rather, it tried to build dendrograms from similarity data; its algorithms required less computer power than phylogenetic ones.

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Razor

Occam's razor (also written as Ockham's razor, and lex parsimoniae in Latin, which means law of parsimony) is a problem-solving principle attributed toWilliam of Ockham (c. 1287–1347), who was an English Franciscan friar, scholastic philosopher and theologian. The principle can be interpreted as statingAmong competing hypotheses, the one with the fewest assumptions should be selected.

In science, Occam's razor is used as a heuristic technique (discovery tool) to guide scientists in the development of theoretical models, rather than as an arbiter between published models.^[1][2] In the scientific method, Occam's razor is not considered an irrefutable principle of logic or a scientific result; the preference for simplicity in the scientific method is based on the falsifiability criterion. For each accepted explanation of a phenomenon, there may be an extremely large, perhaps even incomprehensible, number of possible and more complex alternatives, because one can always burden failing explanations withad hoc hypotheses to prevent them from being falsified; therefore, simpler theories are preferable to more complex ones because they are moretestable.^[3][4][5]

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Value

Value investing was established by Benjamin Graham and David Dodd, both professors at Columbia Business School and teachers of many famous investors. In Graham's book The Intelligent Investor, he advocated the important concept of margin of safety — first introduced in Security Analysis, a 1934 book he co-authored with David Dodd — which calls for a cautious approach to investing. In terms of picking stocks, he recommended defensive investment in stocks trading below their tangible book value as a safeguard to adverse future developments often encountered in the stock market.^{[citation needed]}

Further evolution[edit]

However, the concept of value (as well as "book value") has evolved significantly since the 1970s. Book value is most useful in industries where most assets are tangible. Intangible assets such as patents, brands, or goodwill are difficult to quantify, and may not survive the break-up of a company. When an industry is going through fast technological advancements, the value of its assets is not easily estimated. Sometimes, the production power of an asset can be significantly reduced due to competitive disruptive innovation and therefore its value can suffer permanent impairment. One good example of decreasing asset value is a personal computer. An example of where book value does not mean much is the service and retail sectors. One modern model of calculating value is the discounted cash flow model (DCF), where the value of an asset is the sum of its future cash flows, discounted back to the present.^{[citation needed]}

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We'll Beat The 2012

From this post I just wanna take a more post in 2016 from my year of lots of posts
How do you know what is a dream?
Let's take a while
This is dream from wikipedia

Mesopotamia left evidence of dreams dating back to 3100 BC. According to these early recorded stories, gods and kings, like the 7th century BC scholar-kingAssurbanipal, paid close attention to dreams. In his archive of clay tablets, some accounts of the story of the legendary king Gilgamesh were found.^[14]

The Mesopotamians believed that the soul, or some part of it, moves out from the body of the sleeping person and actually visits the places and persons the dreamer sees in their sleep. Sometimes the god of dreams is said to carry the dreamer.^[15] Babylonians and Assyrians divided dreams into "good," which were sent by the gods, and "bad," sent by demons - they also believed that their dreams were omens and prophecies.^[16]

In ancient Egypt, as far back as 2000 BC, the Egyptians wrote down their dreams on papyrus. People with vivid and significant dreams were thought blessed and were considered special.^[17] Ancient Egyptians believed that dreams were like oracles, bringing messages from the gods. They thought that the best way to receive divine revelation was through dreaming and thus they would induce (or "incubate") dreams. Egyptians would go to sanctuaries and sleep on special "dream beds" in hope of receiving advice, comfort, or healing from the gods.^[18]

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